class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        int arg;

        // Passing by value.
        // The value of arg in Main is not changed.
        arg = 4;
        squareVal(arg);
        Console.WriteLine(arg);
        // Output: 4

        // Passing by reference.
        // The value of arg in Main is changed.
        arg = 4;
        squareRef(ref arg);
        Console.WriteLine(arg);
        // Output: 16 
    }

    static void squareVal(int valParameter)
    {
        valParameter *= valParameter;
    }

    // Passing by reference
    static void squareRef(ref int refParameter)
    {
        refParameter *= refParameter;
    }
}