function assertNever(x: never): never {
throw new Error("Unexpected object: " + x);
}
function area(s: Shape) {
switch (s.kind) {
case "square": return s.size * s.size;
case "rectangle": return s.height * s.width;
case "circle": return Math.PI * s.radius ** 2;
default: return assertNever(s); // error here if there are missing cases
}
}